During the Early Medieval period, what aspect of society was almost completely lost?

The loss of literacy during the Early Medieval period, particularly outside of the clergy and monks, is significant in understanding the societal shifts that occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire. As centralized educational institutions declined, the ability to read and write became increasingly rare among the general population. This period, often referred to as the "Dark Ages," saw a fragmentation of cultural and intellectual life. Monasteries became the primary centers for learning and the preservation of texts, but outside these institutions, literacy was not a priority in a society that focused more on survival and local governance.

This decline in literacy affected the transmission of knowledge and culture, setting the stage for the eventual resurgence of learning during the later Middle Ages. The implications of this loss were profound, as it impacted everything from governance to literature, art, and historical record-keeping. In contrast, while trade expertise and architectural knowledge were also diminished during this period, they did not experience the same level of decline or were more regionally variable. Artistic expression did continue but often in the form of simpler and less refined works that reflected local styles rather than the complex forms of Roman art.