What characteristic best defines the visual weight of Romanesque churches?

The characteristic that best defines the visual weight of Romanesque churches is their heavy and solid forms. Romanesque architecture is known for its robust and sturdy construction, which was often achieved through the use of thick stone walls, rounded arches, and barrel vaults. This architectural style emphasizes a sense of permanence and strength, giving the buildings a grounded and monumental appearance.

The heavy forms were not only aesthetic choices but also functional, as they allowed for the support of the massive structure and provided stability during a time when engineering techniques were still developing. The thick walls often had few windows, which further contributed to the solid feel of the interiors, creating spaces that were intimate and somewhat subdued in light.

Other styles, such as Gothic, introduced more lightness and verticality with soaring spires and large stained-glass windows, but Romanesque churches differ significantly by prioritizing a more solid and massive quality, which reflects the cultural and spiritual values of the time.