What does the term "masonry" refer to in Romanesque architecture?

In the context of Romanesque architecture, "masonry" specifically refers to the use of stone as a primary building material, often employed without concrete. This technique is characterized by the careful selection, shaping, and arrangement of stones to create sturdy and lasting structures. Romanesque buildings often featured massive walls and an overall solid appearance, which is largely attributed to this form of masonry.

The emphasis on using stone alone highlights the technological advancements of the time and the aesthetic choice to achieve a sense of permanence and strength in the architecture, reflecting the values and priorities of the period. The other options, while related to architectural techniques, do not capture the essence of masonry in Romanesque buildings.